Problemas
6. What is reasoning from specific instances?Why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics? 7. What is reasoning from principle? How is it different from reasoning from specific instances? 8. What is causal reasoning? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?
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José
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6. Reasoning from specific instances, also known as inductive reasoning, involves drawing general conclusions based on specific observations or examples. It is important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics because it helps to provide evidence and support for the conclusions drawn from specific instances. Testimony or statistics can provide a broader perspective and help to validate the conclusions drawn from specific instances.7. Reasoning from principle, also known as deductive reasoning, involves drawing specific conclusions based on general principles or premises. It is different from reasoning from specific instances in that it starts with a general principle and applies it to specific instances. Reasoning from principle is more certain and reliable than reasoning from specific instances because it is based on established principles or premises.8. Causal reasoning involves identifying the cause-and-effect relationship between two events or phenomena. The relationship between causes and effects is not always clear because there may be multiple factors that contribute to an effect, or the effect may be delayed or indirect. Additionally, it may be difficult to determine whether a cause-and-effect relationship truly exists or if there is a third variable that is responsible for the observed relationship.