II. Central and Eastorn Europe: The Old Order A. How were the gover nments of Germany and Austria-Hungary different from the government of France in the late 1800s?

In the late 1800s, the governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary were different from the government of France in several key ways:1. Monarchy vs. Republic: - Germany and Austria-Hungary were both monarchies, with Germany being a constitutional monarchy and Austria-Hungary being a dual monarchy. - France, on the other hand, was a republic, having overthrown its monarchy during the French Revolution in 1792.2. Federalism vs. Centralized Government: - Germany and Austria-Hungary were both federal states, with power divided between the central government and the constituent states or provinces. - France, in contrast, had a more centralized, unitary government, with the central government holding the majority of the power.3. Autocratic vs. Democratic Governance: - The governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary were more autocratic, with the monarchs holding significant power and the ability to make decisions without much input from the people or representative bodies. - France, as a republic, had a more democratic system, with the people electing representatives to the National Assembly and the president serving as the head of state.4. Ethnic and National Diversity: - Germany and Austria-Hungary were both multi-ethnic empires, with a diverse population of various ethnicities, languages, and nationalities. - France, on the other hand, was more ethnically homogeneous, with the majority of the population being French-speaking and sharing a common national identity.These differences in the nature of the governments and the political systems in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and France in the late 1800s reflect the broader historical and political contexts of these countries during that period.