(b) Scientists are interested in researching how carbon dioxide in the oceans is affecting its pH.They design a laboratory experiment in which they inject different concentrations of carbon dioxide into saltwater tanks containing calcium carbonate shells. The tanks were kept at the same,constant temperature. After several days, the scientists measured the pH of the saltwater tanks and observed its effects on the calcium carbonate shells. (i) Identify the independent variable in this experiment. (ii) Describe a control group that could be used in this experiment. (iii) Explain the effect of carbon dioxide on the pH of the oceans. (iv) Describe the effect of water temperature on the amount of dissolved gases in water. (v) Describe how the results of the experiment would change if the temperature of the tanks was decreased. (vi) Describe how a decrease in ocean pH can affect marine organisms.

Question

(b) Scientists are interested in researching how carbon dioxide in the oceans is affecting its pH.They design a laboratory experiment in which they inject different concentrations of carbon dioxide into saltwater tanks containing calcium carbonate shells. The tanks were kept at the same,constant temperature. After several days, the scientists measured the pH of the saltwater tanks and observed its effects on the calcium carbonate shells. (i) Identify the independent variable in this experiment. (ii) Describe a control group that could be used in this experiment. (iii) Explain the effect of carbon dioxide on the pH of the oceans. (iv) Describe the effect of water temperature on the amount of dissolved gases in water. (v) Describe how the results of the experiment would change if the temperature of the tanks was decreased. (vi) Describe how a decrease in ocean pH can affect marine organisms.

Answer 1

(i) The independent variable in this experiment is the concentration of carbon dioxide.(ii) A control group for this experiment could be a tank with no carbon dioxide injected.(iii) Carbon dioxide, when dissolved in water, forms carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the water, making it more acidic.(iv) The solubility of gases in water increases with decreasing temperature.(v) If the temperature of the tanks was decreased, the solubility of carbon dioxide in the water would increase, potentially lowering the pH of the water even more than in the original experiment.(vi) A decrease in ocean pH can lead to the dissolution of calcium carbonate shells, which can result in the death of marine organisms or force them to move to other areas.

Answer 2

## Step1The independent variable in an experiment is the factor that the researcher manipulates to observe its effect on the dependent variable. In this experiment, the independent variable is the concentration of carbon dioxide injected into the saltwater tanks.## Step2A control group in an experiment is a group where the independent variable is not applied, allowing for comparison with the experimental groups. In this experiment, a control group could be a tank with no carbon dioxide injected.## Step3Carbon dioxide, when dissolved in water, forms carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the water, making it more acidic.## Step4The solubility of gases in water increases with decreasing temperature. This means that colder water can hold more dissolved gases than warmer water.## Step5If the temperature of the tanks was decreased, the solubility of carbon dioxide in the water would increase. This would result in more carbon dioxide dissolving in the water, potentially lowering the pH of the water even more than in the original experiment.## Step6A decrease in ocean pH, or acidity, can have harmful effects on marine organisms. It can lead to the dissolution of calcium carbonate shells, which are essential for the survival of many marine organisms. This can result in the death of these organisms or force them to move to other areas.

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