5. (6.H) What does the p-value represent in hypothesis testing? a. The p-value indicates the probability of observing the sample data, or something more extreme, if the null hypothesis is true. b. The p-value indicates the probability that the null hypothesis is false. c. The p-value indicates the probability that the alternative hypothesis is true. d. The p-value indicates the probability of observing the sample data, regardless of the null hypothesis.

## Step 1<br />The p-value in hypothesis testing is a statistical measure that helps us determine the significance of our results. It is used to compare the observed data with the null hypothesis.<br /><br />## Step 2<br />The p-value represents the probability of observing the sample data, or something more extreme, if the null hypothesis is true. This means that if the null hypothesis is true, the p-value tells us how likely we are to see the observed data or something more extreme.<br /><br />## Step 3<br />The p-value does not indicate the probability that the null hypothesis is false, nor does it indicate the probability that the alternative hypothesis is true. These are common misconceptions about the p-value.<br /><br />## Step 4<br />The p-value also does not indicate the probability of observing the sample data, regardless of the null hypothesis. This is another common misconception about the p-value.