DOCUMENT A "Enlightenment is man's leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one's intelligence without the guidance of another....it is not caused by lack of intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use one's intelligence without being guided by another. __ Through laziness and cowardice a large part of mankind, even after nature has freed them from alien guidance, gladly remain Jimmature....All that is required for this enlightenment is freedom;and particularly... the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters." - Immanuel Kant, "What is Enlightenment?" [Essay excerpt), 1784. Marvin Perry,et al, Eds. Sources of the Western Tradition, 3rd Ed . Vol. II: From the Renaissance to the Present Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co 1995. 1. According to Kant, what is Enlightenment? Why aren't people enlightened?

## Step 1<br />The first step in understanding Kant's concept of Enlightenment is to comprehend what he means by "Enlightenment". According to Kant, Enlightenment is the process of individuals freeing themselves from self-imposed immaturity. This immaturity is not due to a lack of intelligence, but rather a lack of determination and courage to use one's intelligence without being guided by others.<br /><br />## Step 2<br />The second step is to understand why people are not enlightened according to Kant. Kant argues that people are not enlightened due to laziness and cowardice. He suggests that even after nature has freed them from alien guidance, a large part of mankind willingly remains immature.<br /><br />## Step 3<br />The third step is to understand what Kant believes is necessary for Enlightenment. Kant asserts that all that is required for Enlightenment is freedom. He emphasizes the importance of freedom for individuals to make public use of their reason in all matters.