8. Define the following terms. a. polyuria: Excessive urination. b. oliguria: c. anuria: d. hematuria: e. pyuria: f. nocturia: g. dysuria: h. retention: i. incontinence: j. proteinuria: k. albuminuria:

b. oliguria: Oliguria refers to the production of an abnormally small amount of urine. It is typically defined as a urine output of less than 400 mL in 24 hours for adults.<br /><br />c. anuria: Anuria is a condition characterized by the absence of urine production or a very low output of urine, usually less than 100 mL in 24 hours.<br /><br />d. hematuria: Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It can be visible (gross hematuria) or microscopic (not visible to the naked eye).<br /><br />e. pyuria: Pyuria is the presence of pus in the urine, which is often a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI).<br /><br />f. nocturia: Nocturia is the condition of waking up during the night to urinate. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions, such as urinary tract infections, bladder infections, or prostate issues.<br /><br />g. dysuria: Dysuria is the medical term for painful or difficult urination. It can be caused by various conditions, including urinary tract infections, bladder infections, or prostate issues.<br /><br />h. retention: Retention refers to the inability to empty the bladder completely. It can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term).<br /><br />i. incontinence: Incontinence is the inability to control urination, leading to involuntary leakage of urine. It can be caused by various factors, including weakened pelvic floor muscles, nerve damage, or certain medical conditions.<br /><br />j. proteinuria: Proteinuria is the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine. It can be a sign of kidney disease or damage.<br /><br />k. albuminuria: Albuminuria is the presence of albumin (a type of protein) in the urine. It is often an early sign of kidney damage or disease.