7. Which constitutional principle is most closely related to checks and balances? a. Federalism b. freedom of speech c. individual liberties d. separation of powers

The question is asking about the constitutional principle that is most closely related to the concept of checks and balances. Checks and balances is a system that ensures no one branch of government becomes too powerful. Each branch has some measure of influence over the other branches and can choose to block procedures of the other branches. This system is a fundamental principle of the U.S. Constitution. Among the given options, the separation of powers is the principle that is most closely related to checks and balances. The separation of powers divides the government into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, each with its own powers and responsibilities. This division ensures that no single branch has complete control, which is the essence of checks and balances. The other options, such as federalism, freedom of speech, and individual liberties, are important principles but are not directly related to the concept of checks and balances.