20. Which of the following would NOT help evaluate the strength of a scientific claim that life on Earth could not have started without the presence of organic molecules coming from outer space? (A) conducting a survey B scientific argumentation C critical and logical thinking (D) considering other scientific explanations

## Step 1<br />The problem is asking us to identify which of the given options would not be helpful in evaluating the strength of a scientific claim that life on Earth could not have started without the presence of organic molecules from outer space.<br /><br />## Step 2<br />Let's analyze each option:<br /><br />(A) Conducting a survey: This involves collecting data from a large number of people. While this can provide some insights, it does not necessarily provide a strong evaluation of the scientific claim.<br /><br />(B) Scientific argumentation: This involves using evidence and reasoning to support or refute a claim. This is a strong method for evaluating a scientific claim.<br /><br />(C) Critical and logical thinking: This involves analyzing and evaluating arguments and evidence. This is a strong method for evaluating a scientific claim.<br /><br />(D) Considering other scientific explanations: This involves considering alternative explanations for the same phenomenon. This is a strong method for evaluating a scientific claim.<br /><br />## Step 3<br />Based on the analysis, it is clear that conducting a survey (option A) would not be as effective as the other methods in evaluating the strength of a scientific claim.