Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes? Shaping Omission training Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement

## Step 1<br />The problem is asking us to identify the learning process that best describes the behavior of taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache. The options provided are shaping, omission training, negative reinforcement, and positive reinforcement.<br /><br />## Step 2<br />Let's define each of these terms:<br />- Shaping is a method of training by which successive approximations toward a target behavior are reinforced.<br />- Omission training is a type of learning where a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.<br />- Negative reinforcement is a type of learning where a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.<br />- Positive reinforcement is a type of learning where a behavior is strengthened by the addition of a pleasant stimulus.<br /><br />## Step 3<br />In this case, the behavior of taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is a response to an unpleasant stimulus (the toothache). The removal of this unpleasant stimulus (the toothache) reinforces the behavior of taking a painkiller. This is a classic example of negative reinforcement.