Chapter 21 Test,Form A cont. The Enlightenment and Revolutions __ 13. Which idea of Montesquieu has been incorporated Into the U.S. Constitution? A. social contract B. economic laissez-faire C. religious tolerance D. separation of powers __ 14. Voltaire championed the religious philosophy of deism which was based on A. reason and natural law. B. superstition. C. human nature and social conflict. D. biblical text. __ 15. According to Rousseau's concept of the social contract, A. a society agrees to be governed by its general will. B. a government should exact harsh punishment for crime. C. the government should not interfere in economic affairs. D. people should be governed by their individual morality. __ 16. Frederick II of Prussia Joseph II of Austria,and Catherine II of Russia were enlightened absolutists whose main goal was to A. abolish the system of serfdom. B. safeguard the welfare of the state. C. reinforce the supremacy of the nobility. D. uphold the rights of the working class. __ 17. Which of the following was a result of the Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years'War? A. Russia gained control of Prussian lands. B. France was forced to withdraw from India. C. Austria regained control of Silesia from Prussia. D. France gained control of Britain's holdings in India. __ 18. Which founding document reflects the American colonists fear of a strong central government? A. Bill of Rights B. Treaty of Paris C. Articles of Confederation D. Declaration of Independence

## Step1<br />For question 13, Montesquieu is known for his theory of the separation of powers. This concept has been incorporated into the U.S. Constitution.<br /><br />## Step2<br />For question 14, Voltaire was a proponent of deism, which is based on reason and natural law. This philosophy does not rely on superstition, human nature and social conflict, or biblical text.<br /><br />## Step3<br />For question 15, Rousseau's concept of the social contract involves a society agreeing to be governed by its general will. This concept does not involve harsh punishment for crime, non-interference in economic affairs, or governance by individual morality.<br /><br />## Step4<br />For question 16, enlightened absolutists like Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia aimed to safeguard the welfare of the state. They did not focus on abolishing serfdom, reinforcing the supremacy of the nobility, or upholding the rights of the working class.<br /><br />## Step5<br />For question 17, the Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years' War resulted in France being forced to withdraw from India. It did not result in Russia gaining control of Prussian lands, Austria regaining control of Silesia from Prussia, or France gaining control of Britain's holdings in India.<br /><br />## Step6<br />For question 18, the Articles of Confederation reflect the American colonists' fear of a strong central government. The Bill of Rights, Treaty of Paris, and Declaration of Independence do not reflect this fear.