18. The concept of citizenship originated primarily from: a. Greek city-states b. Roman Republic c. Egyptian empire d. Persian kingdom

The correct answer is a. Greek city-states.<br /><br />The concept of citizenship originated primarily from the Greek city-states, particularly Athens. In ancient Greece, citizenship was a unique and important concept that granted individuals certain rights and responsibilities within the city-state. Citizens had the right to participate in political decision-making, own property, and engage in civic activities. This concept of citizenship laid the foundation for modern democratic systems and influenced the development of citizenship in other civilizations, such as the Roman Republic.