19. Nelson Mandela is referred to as the "Father of Modern South Africa" because he led the Art Renaissance. he rebuilt the education system. he led the long struggle to end Apartheid. he encouraged trade and commerce with Asia and Europe.

Nelson Mandela is widely recognized as the "Father of Modern South Africa" due to his pivotal role in ending apartheid, a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. Mandela's leadership in the African National Congress (ANC) and his 27 years of imprisonment for his anti-apartheid activities made him a global symbol of resistance to racial oppression. His efforts, along with those of many others, led to the dismantling of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic government in South Africa. This historic change in South Africa's political landscape is what earns Mandela the title of the "Father of Modern South Africa." The other options provided do not accurately reflect Mandela's primary contribution to South Africa's modernization. While he may have had indirect effects on the arts, education, and trade, his most significant and direct impact was in the political sphere, particularly in the fight against apartheid.