D. French Revolution. DIRECTIONS: Short Answer Answer the following questions in 1-2 paragraphs on a separate plece of paper. 16. How did literature change as a result of romanticism and realism? 17. What were the cause and effects of the French Revolution of 1830? 18. What were the goals of the revolutions in Italy In 1848,and what ultimately happened as a result? Nationalism

16. Literature underwent significant changes as a result of the Romanticism and Realism movements. Romanticism, which emerged in the late 18th century, emphasized emotion, individualism, and the beauty of nature. It sought to break away from the strict rules and conventions of classical literature and instead focused on the inner experiences and feelings of the characters. This led to the development of more subjective and introspective works that explored themes such as love, passion, and the supernatural.<br /><br />Realism, on the other hand, emerged in the mid-19th century as a reaction to the idealized and often escapist nature of Romantic literature. Realism aimed to depict life as it truly was, without romanticizing or idealizing it. It focused on the everyday lives of ordinary people, highlighting social issues and the harsh realities of the world. This shift in literary style led to the emergence of more objective and factual storytelling, with a focus on accurate representation of characters and events.<br /><br />17. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, was primarily caused by widespread discontent with the Bourbon monarchy, economic hardship, and the desire for political reform. The revolution was sparked by the July Ordinances, which were issued by King Charles X and aimed at consolidating his power and restricting the rights of the people. This led to widespread protests and the eventual overthrow of the monarchy.<br /><br />The effects of the French Revolution of 1830 were significant. It resulted in the establishment of the July Monarchy under Louis-Philippe I, who was seen as a more liberal and constitutional monarch. The revolution also led to the spread of nationalist and liberal ideas throughout Europe, inspiring other revolutions and uprisings. Additionally, it had a lasting impact on French politics and society, shaping the course of French history in the years that followed.<br /><br />18. The revolutions in Italy in 1848, also known as the Risorgimento, were driven by a desire for national unity and independence from foreign domination. The Italian states were fragmented and controlled by various foreign powers, including Austria, which dominated the northern regions. The revolutions were sparked by widespread discontent with the lack of political representation and the economic exploitation of Italian resources by foreign powers.<br /><br />The goals of the revolutions were to establish a unified Italian nation-state and to secure independence from foreign control. However, the revolutions ultimately ended in failure, with the exception of the successful unification of Italy in 1861. The revolutions were met with strong resistance from the Austrian Empire and other foreign powers, leading to a series of military conflicts and political setbacks. Despite the failure of the revolutions, they played a crucial role in shaping the course of Italian history and paved the way for the eventual unification of Italy.