7. During La Niña, what happens to trade winds and upwelling? 8. What is the average frequency of the ENSO cycle? 9. How do El Niño and La Niña each affect the United States and Canada? 10. What is the most common indicator for predicting El Niño and La Niña events? 11. What do SSTA & SOI stand for,and what do each of these indicators measure?

7. During La Niña, trade winds strengthen and upwelling increases.<br />8. The average frequency of the ENSO cycle is about 2-7 years.<br />9. El Niño tends to bring warmer and wetter conditions to the southern U.S. and drier conditions to the northern U.S. and Canada. La Niña tends to bring cooler and drier conditions to the southern U.S. and warmer and wetter conditions to the northern U.S. and Canada.<br />10. The most common indicator for predicting El Niño and La Niña events is the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI).<br />11. SSTA stands for Sea Surface Temperature An, which measure the deviation of sea surface temperatures from the long-term average. SOI stands for Southern Oscillation Index, which measures the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia.