any force that affects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population Density -Independent Density -Dependent Primary Succession Secondary Succession

## Step 1<br />The problem is asking us to identify the type of force that affects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population. The options provided are Density-Independent, Density-Dependent, Primary Succession, and Secondary Succession.<br /><br />## Step 2<br />Density-Independent forces are those that affect the size of a population regardless of the population density. These forces include natural disasters, temperature, and human activities. They can drastically reduce population size, but they do not depend on the population density.<br /><br />## Step 3<br />On the other hand, Density-Dependent forces are those that affect the size of a population based on the population density. These forces include competition, predation, and disease. They can increase or decrease the population size based on the population density.<br /><br />## Step 4<br />Primary Succession and Secondary Succession are ecological terms that refer to the process of ecosystem recovery after a disturbance. They do not directly affect the size of a population regardless of the population density.