Read the two passages. Passage 1 Many people think that standardized testing is unnecessary; however standardized testing is the only way to measure student achievement. Viewing student testing only from a student's perspective is missing the point. If we think of it in practical terms, we can'see that testing students gives us a baseline to assist those students in their areas of greatest need. Without standardized testing, that assistance would not be possible. Passage 2 Students experience anxiety during standardized testing. Everyone knows this, and everyone should realize that no child deserves to feel unnecessary stress. Imagine one of your own children suffering How do the fallacies in the first passage differ from the fallacies in the second? Passage 1 contains an ad hominem attack, while passage 2 contains a false dilemma. Passage 1 contains a false dilemma, while passage 2 contains a bandwagor appeal. Passage 1 contains a bandwagon appeal, while passage 2 contains ad hominem attack. Passage 1 contains an appeal to emotion, while passage 2 contains ar ad hominem attack.

## Step 1<br />The first step in identifying the fallacies in the two passages is to understand what a fallacy is. A fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that makes an argument invalid. There are many types of fallacies, but the most common ones are ad hominem, bandwagon, false dilemma, and appeal to emotion.<br /><br />## Step 2<br />Next, we analyze the first passage. The author argues that standardized testing is necessary because it provides a baseline to assist students in their areas of greatest need. This argument is a false dilemma because it presents only two options: either standardized testing is necessary or it's not. The author does not consider other possible solutions or alternatives.<br /><br />## Step 3<br />Then, we analyze the second passage. The author argues that students experience anxiety during standardized testing and that no child deserves to feel unnecessary stress. This argument is an ad hominem attack because it targets the students' feelings rather than addressing the actual issue of standardized testing.<br /><br />## Step 4<br />Finally, we compare the fallacies in the two passages. The first passage contains a false dilemma, while the second passage contains an ad hominem attack.